This article provides calculation methods for correlating design, flow rate and pressure loss as a fluid passes through a nozzle or orifice. Nozzles and orifices are often used to deliberately reduce pressure, restrict flow or to measure flow rate.
: | Diameter |
: | Area |
: | Discharge coefficient |
: | Gravitational acceleration |
: | Fluid head |
: | Change in fluid head |
: | Ratio of specific heats () |
: | Pressure |
: | Differential pressure () |
: | Expansion coefficient (for incompressible flow) |
: | Elevation |
: | Ratio of pipe diameter to orifice diameter () |
: | Mass density |
- Valves are used to stop and regulate the flow of water, and each type of valve has its pros and cons and applications for which it is best suited. Most valves in a residential plumbing system are part of the water supply system and are used to control the flow of pressurized water from the water utility or a private well. Depending on the.
- This article provides calculation methods for correlating design, flow rate and pressure loss as a fluid passes through a nozzle or orifice. Nozzles and orifices are often used to deliberately reduce pressure, restrict flow or to measure flow rate.
- Concept Question 5.01.22 Incorrect Water flows into a rectangular slot that is at an angle β with respect to the wall as shown below. Wall Width-W Rectanget slot V elocity-V The correct relation between the velocities V and V2 is Vi sin Click if you would like to Show Work for this question: Open Show Work.
Stoplogs are frequently used to temporarily block flow through a spillway or canal during routine maintenance. At other times stoplogs can be used over longer periods of times, such as when a field is flooded and stoplogs are being used in smaller gates in order to control the depth of water in fields.
Subscripts
: | Upstream of orifice or nozzle |
: | Downstream of orifice or nozzle |
: | Compressible fluid |
: | Incompressible fluid |
: | Orifice or nozzle |
: | Static pressure |
In the case of a simple concentric restriction orifice the fluid is accelerated as it passes through the orifice, reaching the maximum velocity a short distance downstream of the orifice itself (the Vena Contracta). The increase in velocity comes at the expense of fluid pressure resulting in low pressures in the Vena Contracta. In extreme cases this may lead to cavitation when the local pressure is less than the vapour pressure of a liquid.
Downstream of the Vena Contracta in the recovery zone, the fluid decelerates converting excess kinetic energy into pressure as it slows. When the fluid has decelerated and returned to the normal bulk flow pattern the final downstream pressure has been reached.
The discharge coefficientcharacterises the relationship between flow rate and pressure loss based on the geometry of a nozzle or orifice. You can find typical values in our article on discharge coefficients for nozzles and orifices.
The relationships for flow rate, pressure loss and head loss through orifices and nozzles are presented in the subsequent section. These relationships all utilise the parameter, the ratio of orifice to pipe diameter which is defined as:
Where the point downstream of the orifice is sufficiently far away that the fluid has returned to normal full pipe velocity profile.
Horizontal Orifices and Nozzles
For orifices and nozzles installed in horizontal pipework where it can be assumed that there is no elevation change, head loss and flow rate may be calculated as follows:
Property | Equation |
---|---|
Flow rate (in terms of) | |
Flow rate (in terms of) | |
Pressure loss | |
Head Loss |
Vertical Orifices and Nozzles
For orifices and nozzles installed in vertical piping, with elevation change, the following head loss and flow rate equations may be used:
Property | Equation |
---|---|
Flow rate (in terms of) | |
Flow rate (in terms of) | |
Pressure loss | |
Head Loss |
Expansion Coefficient
The expansion coefficient takes account of the difference between the discharge coeffcicient for compressible and incompressible flows. It is defined as: Casino poland poker games.
The expansion factoris typically determined empirically and can be calculated using one of the formulas below. Restaurants hard rock casino hollywood.
For incompressible fluids:
American Gas Association method as described in AGA 3.1:
International Standards Organistion method as described in ISO 5167-2:
Subscripts
: | Upstream of orifice or nozzle |
: | Downstream of orifice or nozzle |
: | Compressible fluid |
: | Incompressible fluid |
: | Orifice or nozzle |
: | Static pressure |
In the case of a simple concentric restriction orifice the fluid is accelerated as it passes through the orifice, reaching the maximum velocity a short distance downstream of the orifice itself (the Vena Contracta). The increase in velocity comes at the expense of fluid pressure resulting in low pressures in the Vena Contracta. In extreme cases this may lead to cavitation when the local pressure is less than the vapour pressure of a liquid.
Downstream of the Vena Contracta in the recovery zone, the fluid decelerates converting excess kinetic energy into pressure as it slows. When the fluid has decelerated and returned to the normal bulk flow pattern the final downstream pressure has been reached.
The discharge coefficientcharacterises the relationship between flow rate and pressure loss based on the geometry of a nozzle or orifice. You can find typical values in our article on discharge coefficients for nozzles and orifices.
The relationships for flow rate, pressure loss and head loss through orifices and nozzles are presented in the subsequent section. These relationships all utilise the parameter, the ratio of orifice to pipe diameter which is defined as:
Where the point downstream of the orifice is sufficiently far away that the fluid has returned to normal full pipe velocity profile.
Horizontal Orifices and Nozzles
For orifices and nozzles installed in horizontal pipework where it can be assumed that there is no elevation change, head loss and flow rate may be calculated as follows:
Property | Equation |
---|---|
Flow rate (in terms of) | |
Flow rate (in terms of) | |
Pressure loss | |
Head Loss |
Vertical Orifices and Nozzles
For orifices and nozzles installed in vertical piping, with elevation change, the following head loss and flow rate equations may be used:
Property | Equation |
---|---|
Flow rate (in terms of) | |
Flow rate (in terms of) | |
Pressure loss | |
Head Loss |
Expansion Coefficient
The expansion coefficient takes account of the difference between the discharge coeffcicient for compressible and incompressible flows. It is defined as: Casino poland poker games.
The expansion factoris typically determined empirically and can be calculated using one of the formulas below. Restaurants hard rock casino hollywood.
For incompressible fluids:
American Gas Association method as described in AGA 3.1:
International Standards Organistion method as described in ISO 5167-2:
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FLOW AREA FOR GRATES:
The net open area of each grate is listed, so that a general comparison of flow rates can be made. These open areas are figured for the entire grate. When determining actual flow areas, this should be reduced by the area of the seat. The net open area is calculated in square inches.
RESTRICTED GRATE OPENINGS:
When you design your project and you select a grate design, it is often necessary to consider slot size. We have identified the USF grates with relatively small slot lengths as 'Restricted Grate Openings'. This term is applied when the slot lengths are 6 1/2 inches or less. The 6 1/2 inch dimension is an arbitrary length and does not imply the recommendation of a grate for any particular application.
ADA (AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT) APPLICATIONS:
Water Flow Through A Sponge
When you design your project, you should be attentive of how the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) affects the placement of products. The application, as it relates to grating, states that grates in walking surfaces have slot openings 1/2 inch or less in one direction. Grates with elongated opening will be placed with long dimension perpendicular to the dominant direction of travel.
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Water Flow Through A Small Block Chevy
US Foundry offers many options to accommodate your ADA requirements including Trench and Inlet Grating, Catch Basins and Curb Inlets that are ADA compliant when installed properly. These products are found in our 'Trench Grate' section, page here and throughout the 'Catch Basin', 'Curb and Gutter' and 'Cast Iron Grating' sections. However, we do suggest reviewing ADA specifications before specifying a particular item. Contact us to see how we can meet your needs.